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Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the structure and composition of matter. It covers the study of the properties of matter, the chemical reactions that they undergo and the way in which the knowledge of matter can be applied to everyday life.
Here we can post pictures, videos, and everything you want about chemistry.
None of these images are mine, unless stated otherwise. I try my hardest to credit unless I don't know the original source.
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:-\ i think i need to endorsed this thread to others out there also... tjis is indeed very educational... CHEMISTRY made easy. . . . .
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Thank you for that sir james ah . . . . .
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no problem mam.... basta educational okay tayo dito. . . . . . . . . . . .
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nice topic here... chemistry is an ancient science dating back to the pyramids... thanks mam @lovemarie and sior @jamesbond for sharing... :) :book1:
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Another Ig Nobel Prize joint winner on Thursday was Dr Justin Schmidt, for putting together the Schmidt Pain Index that ranks the pain experienced from the stings of various bees, ants, and wasps. More on insect sting chemistry here: http://goo.gl/SSC6zT (http://goo.gl/SSC6zT)
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this is it! have you ever wondered what chemical components our daily food intake contains?
like this. . .
Australian chemistry teacher James Kennedy has created a tongue-in-cheek set of images that take a fresh perspective on the public discussion about fresh and organic foods vs. the genetically modified products and chemical pesticides being championed by companies like Monsanto. His posters take all-natural products and break them down by their chemical composition, or their “ingredients.”
When we read the ingredient labels on the processed foods that we eat (or choose not to eat), there’s usually a long and worrisome list of chemical ingredients that we can’t identify. However, Kennedy’s series of images points out that our fear of some of these chemicals might be misplaced.
“I want to erode the fear that many people have of ‘chemicals’, and demonstrate that nature evolves compounds, mechanisms and structures far more complicated and unpredictable than anything we can produce in the lab,” writes Kennedy, who personally avoids buying any sort of food with monosodium glutamate (MSG) or high-fructose corn syrup.
“This poster series breaks down all the major ingredients in popular natural foods—using E-numbers and IUPAC [International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry] names instead of common names where they exist. Anthocynanins, for example, which are said to give blueberries their ‘superfood’ status, are also known as E163,” he explained.
(http://static.boredpanda.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/all-natural-ingredients-james-kennedy-4.jpg)
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~credits to the source
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Thank you for sharing that to us sis Schy . . . simple everyday food yet complex components.
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Auger effect
noun
a process in which an electron in an outer shell of an atom makes a transition to a vacancy in an inner shell. The energy gained is transferred to an electron that escapes from the atom.
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“Memorial Diamonds”: Diamonds Made From Human Cremation Ashes
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Algordanza, a Swiss-made diamond company, offers a unique and elegant way of memorializing our loved ones who have passed. Utilizing a highly complex manufacturing process, Algordanza produces “Memorial Diamonds” out of the carbon contained in human cremation ashes.
The human body is roughly 18% carbon. After cremation, 2% of that carbon remains – this is the carbon that is captured in the memorial diamonds.
It all begins with a chemical process that extracts the carbon from the departed’s ashes. This carbon is then heated to convert it into graphite. That graphite is then heated to as many as 2,700 degrees Fehrenheit and subjected to forces as high as 870,000 pounds per square inch. The color of the finished diamond, which can range from white to dark blue, depends on the boron content of the ashes of the deceased.
(http://thehigherlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/diamond.jpg)
In the fast moving world we live in, it is often difficult to visit and keep up with traditional grave sites or tombstones. Memorial Diamonds are portable, enduring heirlooms which can be passed down for generations.
While some might be a bit uncomfortable with the idea of turning their loved one’s remains into a diamond, this unique approach has already made waves across the world, helping to ease the grieving process for many people along the way.
~credits to the source
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Eggshell Chemistry Experiment
(http://s24.postimg.org/ogq4yh7w5/vinegar_egg_experiment.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
in this chemistry experiment vinegar is used to change the chemistry of an eggshell.
Items Needed for Experiment:
Jar or clear plastic container with lid
Distilled white vinegar
2 eggs
rubber band
Step 1: Carefully place the eggs in the bottom of the jar or plastic container. Do not allow the eggs to crack. If it is difficult to lower the eggs down because of the container opening size, turn the container sideways and carefully roll them down to the bottom.
(http://s7.postimg.org/5nx3i1hx7/eggshell_vinegar_mixture.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Step 2: Add enough distilled white vinegar to completely cover the eggs.
(http://s21.postimg.org/4wmtejlef/eggshell_chemical_reaction.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Step 3: Seal the top of the jar or plastic container with the lid. Observe the bubbles forming on the eggs. The bubbles contain mostly carbon dioxide.
Step 4: Wait approximately 24 hours for the full chemical reaction to occur.
Step 5: Pour out the old vinegar. Remove one egg while being very careful with the extremely soft eggshell. Pour in fresh vinegar, covering the egg completely.
Step 6: Wrap a rubber band lightly around the egg taken out of the vinegar. Allow the rubberband to apply some compression to the eggshell, but not too much to cause it to break.
Step 7: Wait another 24 hours and observe the results of the chemical reactions of the two eggs.
Science Lessons Learned
The egg shell is composed of calcium carbonate. A similar man-made material containing calcium carbonate is drywall spackle. By removing more and more of the carbon, the eggshell slowly gets softer and softer. The acid in the vinegar removes the carbon by reacting to create carbon dioxide gas inside all of the bubbles that start to form as soon as the vinegar contacts the egg.
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Agatha Christie, the queen of crime chemistry
Christie is not unique among crime fiction writers in using poisons in her plots, but what marks her out from the rest is how often and accurately she used them, as well as the extraordinary range of compounds her villains employed.1
Christie’s knowledge of chemistry and poisons began when she volunteered to work in the hospital in Torquay during the first world war. She trained as an apothecaries’ assistant in the hospital dispensary, which involved learning both theoretical and practical aspects of chemistry. Once qualified, she made up prescriptions, a highly skilled job at a time when all pills, lotions and tonics were made by hand.
When Christie began her training, the metric system of measurement was starting to overtake the imperial system of grains and drams. This change occasionally led to miscalculations and potentially dangerous quantities of drugs being dispensed, as Christie knew from personal experience. Her writing career also spanned a time of huge change in the drugs available to medicine. In the early 20th century, compounds such as strychnine and arsenic were falling out of medical use and barbiturate prescriptions steadily increased, both in number and variety, as the century progressed.
It was when Christie was working as a dispenser that she first had the idea to write a detective novel. Surrounded by bottles of poison it is little wonder that she chose poisons for her method of murder. In fact, her first novel, The mysterious affair at Styles, uses not one but a conjunction of three compounds and a degree of chemical knowledge to dispatch her victim.
*credit to the source
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Why Ice cubes Are Cloudy On The Inside?
(http://humantouchofchemistry.com/files/ice-cube.jpg)
what''s in the water?
Water consists of several gases and minerals like calcium and magnesium salts that are naturally dissolved in it. You cannot see them, but they are there.
These impurities in water reduce the temperature at which water freezes. Pure water will freeze at 0�C, while water that has impurities in it will freeze at a temperature that is lower than this. In fact, the more the dissolved gas and minerals there is in water, the lower its freezing point will be.
when water freezes..
When water begins to freeze, a thin layer of ice starts to form on top. This is made from pure water as pure water freezes quicker than impure water.�
The pure water becomes solid while the minerals and gases are still in a solution state. The rest of the liquid freezes slowly from the outside to inside. The centre of an ice cube is what freezes last.�
There are layers of increasing concentration of impurities towards its centre. This concentration of gases results in light being refracted through the piece of ice causing it to look cloudy. Sometimes, the gases dissolved in the solution release in the form of microscopic bubbles which freeze as the ice freezes. You can also see these frozen bubbles if they are formed, inside the ice cubes.
~credtits to the source
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Penny Cleaning Experiment - Let's learn about Phosphorus
(http://funkyimg.com/i/22QxV.jpg) (http://funkyimg.com/view/22QxV)
Pennies have a copper coating that when new looks very shiny. As the copper gets older, it reacts with the oxygen in the air and begins to form a copper-oxygen compound. This compound makes the penny look dull brown. This experiment helps to teach kids how to use the phosphor content in Coke or Pepsi to clean pennies.
Materials Needed :
dirty pennies
disposable cup
dark cola like Coke or Pepsi
permanent marker
Step 1: Pour a couple of inches of Coke or Pepsi (any dark cola will work) in the bottom of a disposable cup.
(http://funkyimg.com/i/22QxL.jpg) (http://funkyimg.com/view/22QxL)
Step 2: Using the permanent marker, mark an X on one side of several of the pennies. Record which pennies that were marked by writing down the year of each penny.
Step 3: Drop a few pennies in the bottom of the cup. Most pennies that were minted before about 1982 have much more copper content than newer pennies. It is fun to try some newer pennies and a few older pennies to experiment with the results.
(http://funkyimg.com/i/22QxK.jpg) (http://funkyimg.com/view/22QxK)
Step 4: Let the pennies sit in the cola overnight.
Step 5: Pour the cola down the drain, leaving the pennies behind. Never drink the cola used in this experiment. The residual copper left in the cola can make you sick. Also, throw away the cup after using it for the experiment.
Step 6: Compare the pennies used in the experiment to other uncleaned pennies.
Science Learned
Dark colas like Coke and Pepsi actually contain phosphor in the form of phosphoric acid. This acid breaks down the copper-oxygen compound chemical bonds allowing a fresh unoxidized layer of copper to be exposed. The copper which is removed from the surface of the pennies ends up in the cola in the form of copper ions. Another great experiment to make use of copper ions removed from pennies can be found in the Copper Plating Experiment.
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yup... it also works on rc cola before... hehehe.... you can also clean old coins by brushing them with toothpaste... :)
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How To Make Non-Toxic Dry Ice Smoke or Fog
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All you need is dry ice and water to make cool, spooky fog or smoke. Here's how to make dry ice fog and how to color it.
What You Need for Dry Ice Smoke
Look for dry ice in grocery stores (you may need to ask for it) or specialty gas stores. It's also possible to make homemade dry ice.
Dry Ice (Carbon Dioxide)
Hot Water
Insulated Container
Procedure:
This is so easy! Add chunks of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to hot water in a styrofoam or other insulated container.
The fog will sink to the ground. You may use a fan on a low setting to move your 'smoke'.
The water will cool, so you will need to refresh the hot water to maintain the effect.
Room temperature matters - you will get the most fog in a cool room. Have fun!
How To Make Colored Smoke
The vapor that comes off of dry ice is white. Eventually carbon dioxide gas mixes into air and disappears. While you can't dye the smoke to produce colors, it's really easy to make it appear colored. Just add a colored light below the fog. It will illuminate it and make it appear to glow.
Tips:
Dry ice is cold enough to give frostbite. Wear protective gloves when handling it.
Larger chunks of dry ice will last longer than smaller ones.
Be aware that extra carbon dioxide is being added to the air. Under some circumstances, this can present an asphyxiation hazard.
Sometimes inexpensive dry ice machines are available, otherwise check party supply stores and shipping companies for availability.
Keep dry ice away from childen, pets, and fools! Adult supervision is required.
~credits to the source
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Carbon Dioxide Gas Experiment
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Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is naturally present is our atmosphere, although it makes up less than 0.04 percent of the gas in the atmosphere. The popular term for carbon dioxide gas is greenhouse gas. Some think that carbon dioixde gas in the atmosphere is potentially harmful for our environment, although there is much debate since CO2 is naturally occurring. This experiment uses a simple substance to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Materials Needed
Plastic water bottle
Balloon
Disposable cup
Water
Antacid tablets (must contain sodium bicarbonate)
Fork or table knife
Step 1: Remove the label and completely dry the inside of a clear water bottle for each experiment station.
Step 2: *An adult must handle the antacid tablets or an adult must provide close supervision while the kids perform this experiment.* Take an antacid tablet out the package and place it in the bottom of a dry cup. Using the table knife or fork, chop up the antacid tablet into smaller pieces.
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Place the antacid tablet in the bottom of a dry cup and crush into smaller pieces
Step 3: Carefully pour the antacid pieces and powder into the bottom of the dry water bottle.
(http://s23.postimg.org/z7b8lrq4b/tablets_in_bottle.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Antacid pieces in the bottom of a dry water bottle
Step 4: Fill the water bottle about one quarter full. Pour the water quickly. Do not pour slow.
Step 5: Quickly place the balloon over the top of the water bottle opening to capture the gas being produced.
(http://s23.postimg.org/e1hfr6faz/capture_gas.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Quickly place the balloon over the water bottle opening to capture the gas. Make sure it is securely over the bottle opening past the threading so it does not blow off when the pressure is increased inside the bottle.
Step 6: Observe the reaction taking place within the mixture of water and tablet pieces.
(http://s23.postimg.org/lk0kzt6nv/carbon_dioxide_reaction.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Adding water to the dry tablet pieces results in a visual reaction of the mixture
Step 7: Watch the balloon as gas builds up inside the water bottle.
(http://s23.postimg.org/lucowwanv/co2_gas_balloon.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
CO2 gas fills the water bottle and the pressure escapes into the balloon causing it to partially blow up.
Step 8: Carefully remove the balloon, pour the liquid out of the water bottle and rinse it out. Then safely dispose of any water bottles used in the experiment.
SCIENCE LEARNED
The active ingredient in the antacid is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which is also known as baking soda. Sodium bicarbonate is a weak base. When the antacid is combined with water it reacts quickly, resulting in the release of sodium, water and carbon dioxide. The bubbles you saw during the reaction were the carbon dioxide gas being released. Since gas takes up more space than liquids and solids, as the carbon dioxide was released it started to try to take up the same space as the air that was trapped by the balloon in the bottle. As more carbon dioxide gas was released the gas built up pressure inside the bottle until the balloon started to expand.
All animals exhale carbon dioxide. The air animals exhale is not pure carbon dioxide, it only contains about 4 to 5 percent CO2 (carbon dioxide). Bacteria and decomposing organic material also naturally release carbon dioxide.
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What Is the Volume & Chemical Composition of Blood?
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Question: What is the Volume & Chemical Composition of Blood?
Answer: Blood is slightly more dense and approximately 3-4 times more viscous than water. Blood consists of cells which are suspended in a liquid. As with other suspensions, the components of blood can be separated by filtration, however, the most common method of separating blood is to centrifuge (spin) it. Three layers are visible in centrifiged blood.
The straw-colored liquid portion, called plasma, forms at the top (~55%). A thin cream-colored layer, called the buffy coat, forms below the plasma. The buffy coat consists of white blood cells and platelets. The red blood cells form the heavy bottom portion of the separated mixture (~45%).
What is the volume of blood?
Blood volume is variable, but tends to be about 8% of body weight. Factors such as body size, amount of adipose tissue, and electrolyte concentrations all affect volume. The average adult has about 5 liters of blood.
What is the composition of blood?
Blood consist of cellular material (99% red blood cells, with white blood cells and platelets making up the remainder), water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, vitamins, electrolytes, dissolved gases, and cellular wastes. Each red blood cell is about 1/3 hemoglobin, by volume. Plasma is about 92% water, with plasma proteins as the most abundant solutes. The main plasma protein groups are albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens.
The primary blood gases are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.
Reference: Hole`s Human Anatomy And Physiology 1992 Edition
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nice topics... why does it seems easier now rather than when i was still in school??? :)
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Atomic Number 5 Element Facts
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Boron is the element that is atomic number 5 on the periodic table. It is a metalloid or semimetal that is a lustrous black solid at room temperature and pressure. Here are some interesting facts about boron.
Atomic Number 5 Element Facts
Boron compounds form the basis for the classic slime recipe, which polymerizes the compound borax.
The element name boron comes from the Arabic word buraq, which means white. The word was used to describe borax, one of the boron compounds known to ancient man.
A boron atom has 5 protons and 5 electrons. Its average atomic mass is 10.81. Natural boron consists of a mix of two stable isotopes: boron-10 and boron-11. Eleven isotopes, with masses 7 to 17 are known.
Boron exhibits properties of either metals or nonmetals, depending on the conditions.
Element number 5 is present in the cell walls of all plants, so plants, as well as any animal that eats plants, contain boron. Elemental boron is non-toxic to mammals.
Over a hundred minerals contain boron and it is found in several compounds, including boric acid, borax, borates, kernite, and ulexite. Yet, pure boron is extremely difficult to produce and the element abundance is only 0.001% of the Earth's crust. Element atomic number 5 is rare in the solar system.
In 1808, boron was partially purified by Sir Humphry Davy and also by Joseph L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thénard. They achieved purity of about 60%. In 1909 Ezekiel Weintraub isolated nearly pure element number 5.
Boron has the highest melting point and boiling point of the metalloids.
Crystalline boron is the second hardest element, following carbon. Boron is tough and heat resistant.
While many elements are produced via nuclear fusion inside stars, boron is not among them. Boron appears to have been formed by nuclear fusion from cosmic ray collisions, before the solar system was formed.
The amorphous phase of boron is reactive, while crystalline boron is not reactive.
There is a boron-based antibiotic. It is a derivative of streptomycin and is called boromycin.
Boron is used in super hard materials, magnets, nuclear reactor shielding, semiconductors, to make borosilicate glassware, in ceramics, insecticides, disinfectants, cleaners, cosmetics, and many other products. Boron is added to steel and other alloys. Because it is an excellent neutron absorber, it is used in nuclear reactor control rods.
Element atomic number 5 burns with a green flame. It can be used to produce green fire and is added as a common colorant in fireworks.
Boron can transmit part of infrared light.
Boron forms stable covalent bonds rather than ionic bonds.
At room temperature, boron is a poor electrical conductor. Its conductivity improves as it is heated.
Although boron nitride is not quite as hard as diamond, it is preferred for use in high temperature equipment because it has superior thermal and chemical resistance. Boron nitride also forms nanotubes, similar to those formed by carbon. However, unlike carbon nanotubes, boron nitride tubes are electrical insulators.
~credits to the source
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nice topics... why does it seems easier now rather than when i was still in school??? :)
::)aba eh ako nga din sir eh, parang chemistry made easy na nga now unlike noon. . . .
:( beautyness kasi teacher ko noon sa chemistry kaya di ako maka-focus, naka mini pa palagi... haaays. . .
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Chemical Modification Is Best Ever At Strengthening And Stabilizing Collagen
Biomaterials: Changing glycine to aza-glycine in the protein’s backbone enhances hydrogen bonding, improving the material’s properties
(http://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/93/i38/Chemical-Modification-Best-Ever-Strengthening/_jcr_content/articlebody/subpar/articlemedia_0.img.jpg/1443136902310.jpg)
By switching out a single amino acid, researchers have dramatically improved the strength and stability of collagen, the protein scaffold found in the bodies of people and animals. The advance could lead to new biomaterials for a range of applications.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found in tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, blood vessels, skin, and other tissues. In the 1950s, legendary scientific figures such as chemist Linus Pauling, physicist G. N. Ramachandran, and biologists Alexander Rich and Francis Crick determined collagen’s repetitive, hydrogen-bonded, helical structure, which is reminiscent of DNA’s.
Ancient Egyptians used collagen as a glue. In 1881, it was adopted as a modern biomaterial when “catgut” from sheep was first used in biodegradable sutures. The protein has also been used in sponges, films, dressings, and skin grafts. But collagen is a complex, heterogeneous substance that can cause immune reactions when used in people, and it can break down partially while being isolated. Modified collagens could help solve these problems and lead to new applications.
In an effort to make improvements, researchers have extensively modified the protein over the years. Amino acid side chain modifications have improved collagen’s properties to some extent, but modifications to its peptide backbone have been nearly universally unsuccessful. In many cases, they have destabilized the protein, preventing it from forming its characteristic triple helix structure.
David M. Chenoweth and coworkers at the University of Pennsylvania have now made the first backbone modification that, far from destabilizing collagen, improves its properties (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04590). They found that changing one glycine in a 21-amino-acid collagen peptide to aza-glycine dramatically improves the peptide’s thermal stability and strength and increases the rate at which it folds into a helix. They are currently assessing the effects of substitutions at different positions.
Previously, Ronald T. Raines of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and coworkers made the greatest improvement to collagen’s stability when they fluorinated a proline side chain. But the aza-glycine enhancement is greater than for any earlier single-residue modification. Chenoweth and coworkers “deserve a lot of credit,” Raines says. “I and others have stared at the collagen triple helix for at least 20 years, and no one had thought to make this substitution before.” A possible application of the new material would be as a support for wound healing agents, Raines says.
Glycine is the most common amino acid in collagen. It stabilizes the triple helix by sharing a hydrogen bond with a carbonyl group on an adjacent peptide chain. Aza-glycine’s N–H can share its hydrogen with either one additional adjacent carbonyl or simultaneously with two additional carbonyl groups, causing the increases to the protein’s strength and stability.
“The idea to replace glycine with aza-glycine is elegantly simple and surprisingly effective in stabilizing the collagen triple helix,” comments Felicia Etzkorn of Virginia Tech, whose group also designs collagen-peptide mimics. “The aza-glycine peptides conferred a remarkable increase in triple-helix stability over the native counterparts.”
Another collagen expert, Helma Wennemers of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, calls the new findings “a remarkable achievement that opens intriguing perspectives for the development of collagen-based materials.”
~credits to the source
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Antioxidant Experiment
(http://s11.postimg.org/xkn6cnhnn/food_preserve_experiment.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Antioxidants are chemical compounds that slow down or stop oxidation. Let's try an experiment to see how antioxidants do their job.
Materials Needed
1 - banana, 1 - apple
Lemon juice
Corn syrup
Sugar
Marker
2 small plates
Step 1: Label 4 tags on each plate: plain, sugar, corn syrup, and lemon.
(http://s22.postimg.org/vqg0rtp4h/experiment_plate_labeling.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Step 2: Cut 8 slices of banana and 8 apple slices.
(http://s22.postimg.org/lhnjm012p/science_with_bananas.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Step 3: Place 8 apple slices and 8 banana slices on the plate with 2 pieces next to each label.
Step 4: Sprinkle sugar on the apples and bananas next to the label "sugar".
Step 5: Squirt lemon juice on the apples and bananas next to the label "sugar".
(http://s22.postimg.org/45n70k7ld/apple_corn_syrup_experiment.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Step 6: Pour corn syrup on the apples and bananas next to the label "corn syrup".
Step 7: Leave the apple and banana slices alone next to the label "plain".
Step 8: Wait about 2-4 hours and observe the apples and banana slices on each plate.
SCIENCE LEARNED
What happened to the color of the apples on each plate?
When apples and bananas brown, they are actually oxidizing. In this experiment the lemon juice typically keeps both the apples and bananas freshest. Corn syrup also keeps the level of oxidation low. Adding sugar limits oxidation over no additive, but performs worse than corn syrup and natural lemon juice. In practical application, fruit companies have found the same conclusions. Canned fruit comes in two varieties including fruit in heavy or light syrup (corn syrup) and natural fruit. As the oxidation experiment proved, both canning options are adequate. The natural fruit juice option may perform a little better and is certainly a healthier alternative.
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looks like mas magiging effective mga beauty enhancing collagen products nyan . . . .
i always do that . . . use lemon juice + syrup for my fresh fruits when i prepare my salad.
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oh yes. . . my mom used to do that too... leaving freshly cut fruits like apples in a bowl of pineapple juice in preparing fruit salads. . . it works, kaya naman kasing puti mo pa din ang apple kapag na prepare. . .
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8 Ways Zinc Affects the Human Body. . . .
(https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ-rh9E3gnKYowyPCHcH4kOD_kyjvAFiQgqQTqdey9Xl3p-dPbH)
Researchers identified zinc as one of the most important essential trace metals in human nutrition and lifestyle in a new review article in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT). Zinc is not only a vital element in various physiological processes; it is also a drug in the prevention of many diseases.
The adult body contains about two to three grams of zinc. It is found in organs, tissues, bones, fluids, and cells. Foods with high protein content, specifically animal protein, are major sources of zinc in the human diet. Zinc can also be used as fortification for other foods as well. Nearly half of the world’s population is at risk for inadequate zinc intake. The article reviewed numerous studies that showed a relationship between zinc and vital human physiological processes such as the following:
Brain: The blood zinc level is less in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (Brewer, and others 2010).In a rodent study, it was observed that zinc behaves like an antidepressant (Nowak and others, 2005).
Cardiovascular System: Zinc performs a noteworthy role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Males and females were reported to metabolize zinc differently when suffering from hypertension (Tubek, 2007).
Liver: Zinc deficiency in the liver occurs not only in those with liver cirrhosis, but also in less advanced alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease (Bode and others, 1998).
Pregnancy: A mild deficiency of zinc during a pregnancy can cause increased maternal morbidity, abnormal taste sensation, prolonged gestation, inefficient labor, atonic bleeding, and an increased risk to fetuses (Jameson, 1993).
Diabetes: Zinc is very important in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of insulin (Chausmer 1998). A low level of zinc has been shown to play a role in diabetics with associated disease conditions such as coronary artery disease and several related risk factors including hypertension, and elevated levels of triglycerides (Singh and others, 1998).
Endocrine System: Studies show a correlation between zinc deficiency in geriatric patients and reduced activity of the thymus gland and thymic hormones, decreased response to vaccinations, and reduced immunity (Haase and Rink, 2009).
Healing: Zinc deficiency has been linked with delayed wound healing, and has been found to be crucial to the healing of gastric ulcers especially at the early stage (Kennan and Morris, 1993; Andrews and Gallagher-Allred, 1999; Watanabe, 1995).
Pneumonia: Zinc may shorten the duration of severe pneumonia and time in the hospital.
~credits to Chemical Science Blog
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maganda talaga dulot ng zinc sa katawan kaya i see to it ang multivitamins ko ay may zinc ::)
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Cosmetics Chemistry: Beauty Ingredients and Their Purposes
(http://images.divinecaroline.mdpcdn.com/sites/divinecaroline.com/files/styles/story_detail/public/chemicals_in_cosmetics.jpg?itok=7kBQywdt)
Although trying to figure out what goes into your favorite eye shadow or shampoo can feel like trying to translate a language you’ve never heard before, each ingredient on the list—from aqua to zinc—really does have a purpose and function.
Agar, also known as algae, carageenan, laminaria, ulva lactuca, and ascophyllum, contains protein and several vitamins. It’s usually added to moisturizers as an emollient or antioxidant.
Alcohol SD-40 is a high-grade cosmetic alcohol that acts as an emollient and a vehicle for the other ingredients. Alcohols (including ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol) also help keep the product bacteria-free, but some alcohols can cause dryness and irritation for those with sensitive skin.
Allantoin is used in skin creams and lotions and is a by-product of uric acid; it is an effective calming agent that also reduces skin irritation.
Aluminum chlorohydrate is one of the most common ingredients in antiperspirant. Technically it’s a salt, and when it reacts with the enzymes in sweat, it forms a temporary “plug” that sits in the pore and prevents more sweat from being released. (The plug is easily washed or sloughed away by bathing.)
Aluminum chlorohydrate also acts as an astringent, causing the pores in the underarm to constrict so they can’t release more sweat.
Cellulose can refer to any plant-derived matter. In creams and lotions, it is used as a thickener and allows oil ingredients to blend with water without separating.
Diethanolomine, like its cousin triethanolomine, sometimes goes by its initials DEA (or TEA, in the case of triethanolomine). It’s a solvent that’s added to cleansers to make them lather and foam.
Dimethicone is a form of silicone. Used often in hair products, it makes the product slippery and spreadable. In general, any ingredients with the suffix “cone” are forms of silicone that perform similar functions.
Glycerin is found naturally in skin and is added to skin creams to increase hydration.
Glycol stearate is a thickener added to products like shampoos to give them a pearly or opalescent look. It doesn’t change how the product works, but it makes it look appealing.
Lanolin is a protein derived from sheep’s sweat glands. It’s a high-quality moisturizer that’s especially effective for people with dry or sensitive skin. Chemically, it’s very similar to oil produced by human sebaceous glands.
Lecithin, a lipid found naturally in plant and animal cells, is used in moisturizers and skin creams as an emollient and moisturizing agent. It helps protect the outer layers of the epidermis against dryness and irritation, keeping the layers soft and allowing them to repair and regenerate.
Mica is a reflective mineral that’s used in makeup products and sometimes toothpaste. It is responsible for shimmer and pearlescence.
Panthenol, sometimes called pantothenic acid, is a form of vitamin B5. In hair products, it seals the hair shaft, making strands soft and shiny. It’s sometimes used in skin ointments that treat burns or irritation because it can reduce inflammation and speed healing.
Parabens (including butylparaben, methylparaben, etc.) are preservatives. Used widely in up to 70 percent of makeup, skin products, and other cosmetics, they prevent spoilage and inhibit bacteria and fungi.
Potassium sorbate inhibits the growth of mold and yeast, and is often used as a preservative.
Propylene glycol, like other glycols, is a humectant agent used in skin creams that also helps other ingredients be absorbed more readily. It is not dangerous, as many chain emails or alarmist websites would have you believe. In cosmetics, it is used in very small amounts, and the Department of Health and Human Services has determined that it poses no threat.
Sodium hydroxide is the chemical term for lye. This alkaline substance is used to modify a product’s pH balance (i.e., to make it less acidic). Products with large amounts of sodium hydroxide can severely irritate skin.
Sodium lauryl sulfate is a surface-active substance used most often in shampoo, but it is also used in skin cleansers. It loosens dirt and oils, making it easier to wash them away. Sodium lauryl sulfate is highly irritating to skin (its cousin sodium laureth sulfate is milder), but contrary to popular belief, it does not cause cancer.
Stearyl alcohol is used in emulsions to keep all the ingredients mixed together and suspended properly. It is also an emollient.
Talc is one of the primary ingredients in powdered cosmetics like eye shadow and blush. It is an absorbent natural compound that comprises silicon and magnesium.
Titanium dioxide is used to thicken and lighten cosmetics like foundation, blush, and eye shadow. It’s also a sunscreen, protecting against both UVA and UVB rays without causing irritation to skin.
Tocopherol, along with its chemical cousins tocopherol acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, and tocopheryl nicotinate, is a form of vitamin E. It is added to lipsticks and other emollient cosmetics like concealer or cream blush as an inexpensive but powerful antioxidant.
Xanthan gum is a thickening agent that gives products their proper texture.
This is far from an exhaustive list; there are literally thousands of ingredients that can be included in modern cosmetics. Most products contain active ingredients, plant extracts, preservatives, thickeners, emollients, emulsifiers, and also a few fragrance additives and coloring agents. One way to tell the proportion of these ingredients to one another is to see where they fall on the product’s label; the active ingredients and those that exist in large amounts are listed first, and fragrances, dyes, and ingredients that exist only in tiny amounts are listed at the end. Reading cosmetics labels can still feel like deciphering a foreign language, but being able to translate even a few key words and phrases makes everything make a lot more sense.
~credits to the source
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Fire Science Experiment - Let's learn about an important science concept of fire
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Exploding fire science experiments are wonderful features at live science museum shows. These experiments "wow" the crowd and help to show something about science, but they are not safe unless the building is set up correctly. This fire science experiment is not exploding, but is great for teaching us about the science of fire.
Materials Needed
Clear glass jar
Antacid tablets (must contain sodium bicarbonate)
Disposable cup
Water
Table knife or fork
Candle
Matches
Small piece of wax-based clay
Tongs
Step 1: Remove the label and completely dry the inside of a clear glass jar. A spaghetti sauce jar works well.
Step 2: *An adult must handle the antacid tablets or an adult must provide close supervision while the kids help with the antacid tablets.* Take an antacid tablet out the package and place it in the bottom of a dry cup. Using the table knife or fork, chop up the antacid tablet into smaller pieces.
(http://s30.postimg.org/42x5xg0dt/break_tablets.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Using the table knife or fork, break the antacid tablets into smaller pieces in the bottom of a dry cup.
Step 3: Place a ball of clay on the bottom of the candle. Now press the unlit candle and clay into the bottom of the jar, inside the jar. Using tongs or long needle-nose pliers helps to grip the candle to press it against the glass at the bottom of the jar.
Step 4: Pour the broken antacid tablet pieces around the unlit candle.
(http://s30.postimg.org/yyecol7u9/materials_in_jar.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Antacid pieces in the bottom of the jar surrounding the candle
Step 5: *An adult must handle lighting the candle.* Light the candle by turning the jar upside down. The flame from the match rises which is why holding the jar upside down helps allow the candle to be lit inside the jar. Turn the jar over and set it on the counter.
(http://s30.postimg.org/6mssrjnxt/fire_in_jar.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Have an adult carefully light the candle
Step 6: Tip the jar slightly and carefully pour the water in the jar around the candle, without pouring it over the flame.
(http://s30.postimg.org/w0hduw06p/fire2.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
Quickly, but carefully pour the water around the lit candle, but do not extinguish the flame
Step 7: Observe the reaction taking place within the mixture of water and tablet pieces.
(http://s30.postimg.org/5ab3pnqi9/co2_fire.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
The sodium bicarbonate reacts with water resulting in CO2 gas. The bubbles in the jar is the result of CO2 gas being produced.
Step 8: Watch the candle for the next minute or two. The candle will start to CRACKLE, then eventually burn out.
(http://s30.postimg.org/weipuhka9/fire3.jpg) (http://postimage.org/)
As C02 gas is produced from the chemical reaction, other gases inside the jar are pushed out.
SCIENCE LEARNED
The bubbles you saw as soon as the water was added to the antacid pieces was carbon dioxide gas being released. Antacid contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which is also known as baking soda. Sodium bicarbonate is a weak base. When antacid is combined with water it reacts quickly, resulting in the release of sodium, water and carbon dioxide. Using smashed up pieces of the antacid helps speed up the reaction.
The second interesting thing that happened in this experiment was what happened to the fire. The lit candle in this experiment was using oxygen to continue to burn. When the carbon dioxide is released it starts to mix with the oxygen-rich air in the jar. Carbon dioxide gas is heavier than oxygen but this is not why the flame is extinguished. As more and more carbon dioxide gas is released by the antacid reaction there just is not enough oxygen left in the jar for the fire to continue. At first, the flame may CRACKLE, but then finally it will stop burning.
Did you know that there are carbon dioxide fire extinguishers? CO2 (carbon dioxide) fire extinguishers work by moving the oxygen away from the location of the fire, extinguishing the flames. Now that we have seen the results of the fire experiment we know why these types of fire extinguishers work well.
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Albert Szent-Györgyi's Discovery of Vitamin C
(http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/szentgyorgyi/_jcr_content/articleContent/columnbootstrap_0/column1/image_3.img.jpg/1383055560142.jpg)
Vitamin C and the Body
Vitamin C enables the body to efficiently use carbohydrates, fats, and protein. Because vitamin C acts as an antioxidant — a nutrient that chemically binds and neutralizes the tissue-damaging effects of substances known as free radicals — it is vital to the growth and health of bones, teeth, gums, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C also plays a key role in the formation of collagen, the body’s major building protein, and is therefore essential to the proper functioning of all internal organs.
Vitamin C is found in various foods, including citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruit; in green vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, and cabbage; and in tomatoes and potatoes. Food processing may degrade or destroy vitamin C, as can exposure to air, drying, salting, cooking (especially in copper pots), or processing. (Freezing does not usually cause loss of vitamin C unless foods are stored for a very long time.)
In modern times, access to fresh fruits and vegetables is common, rendering full-blown cases of vitamin C deficiency relatively rare. Cases are normally limited to isolated elderly adults, usually men whose diet is limited to foods lacking in vitamin C, as well as to infants fed reconstituted milk or milk substitutes without a vitamin C or orange juice supplement. Those with certain illnesses, such as AIDS, cancer or tuberculosis, surgical patients, and those exposed to long periods of cold temperatures can also suffer from vitamin C insufficiency.
The Discovery of Ascorbic Acid
In 1930, Szent-Györgyi returned to Hungary, accepting a post as professor of medicinal chemistry at the University of Szeged. There he showed his sample of hexuronic acid to J. L. Svirbely, an American-born chemist of Hungarian descent, who had previously worked with Charles King, a vitamin researcher at the University of Pittsburgh. Svirbely, working with Szent-Györgyi, conducted a landmark experiment on guinea pigs, which, like humans, must ingest vitamin C to maintain health since it cannot be produced within their bodies.
Svirbely divided the animals into two groups: one that received boiled food (boiling destroys vitamin C) and the other that was fed food enriched with hexuronic acid. The latter group flourished, while the first aggregation of guinea pigs developed scurvy-like symptoms and died. Svirbely and Szent-Györgyi decided hexuronic acid — renamed ascorbic acid to reflect its anti-scurvy properties — was indeed the long sought vitamin C. In 1933, Szent-Györgyi set about to find additional, natural sources of ascorbic acid for further study.
Although orange juice and lemon juice have high levels of ascorbic acid, they contain sugars that make purification extremely difficult. Szent-Györgyi solved the problem by making imaginative use of the local specialty, paprika. Szeged is the paprika capital of the world, where matching salt and paprika shakers are found on every restaurant table. One night, Szent-Györgyi recalled, his wife served him fresh red paprika for supper. As he wrote in his autobiography, “I did not feel like eating it so I thought of a way out. Suddenly it occurred to me that this is the one plant I had never tested. I took it to the laboratory ... [and by] about midnight I knew that it was a treasure chest full of vitamin C.”
Within several weeks Szent-Györgyi had produced three pounds of pure crystalline ascorbic acid, enough to show — when fed to the vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs — that the acid was equivalent to vitamin C.
Szent-Györgyi’s Nobel and Later Research
Just four years after the ascorbic acid discovery, Szent-Györgyi received the Nobel Prize for his seminal work. That year, in 1937, the deliberations in the Nobel Committee centered on whether the Prize should go to Szent-Györgyi alone or be shared with several other scientists who had conducted similar work. In the end, the Prize was given to Szent-Györgyi alone, but the deliberations were reportedly long and acrimonious.
Szent-Györgyi went on to identify and study actin and myosin, proteins responsible for muscle contraction, and demonstrated that the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the immediate source of energy necessary for muscle contraction. He later carried out additional studies of citrus fruits, identifying flavonoids and postulating its function as strengthening capillary blood vessels.
Szent-Györgyi then turned to the study of organic compounds known to play a part in the breakdown of carbohydrates to carbon dioxide, water, and other substances necessary for the production of usable energy by the cell. His work laid the foundation for Sir Hans Krebs' explanation of what later would be known as the Krebs cycle: the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy required for growth and division.
In 1947, Szent-Györgyi immigrated to the United States, where he assumed the directorship of the Institute for Muscle Research in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. There he investigated the causes of cell division and the root causes of cancer. He was an accomplished and prolific author, producing among other works “The Crazy Ape” (1970), a passionate commentary on science and the prospects for human survival on Earth. Albert Szent-Györgyi died on October 22, 1986.
~credits to the source
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Wow. Itaas ang kamay ng mga chemist dito. pati na rin chem eng'g.
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more 'chemistry' finds . . . . . .
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malawak talaga itong Chemistry...at nakaka nose bleed kung uunawain... :peace:
share lang din ako...
Chemical Reactions...
;D ;D ;D :-\ :-\ :-\
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^ eyun ow! sel healing rubber tyres created.. sana nga mailabas na sa market yan para wala ng flat tyre sa road trips be it long or city driving.... if and when matuloy yan, imagine it would lessen the perils of changing flat tyres especially at night, less crime and less hassles.... nice share mam...
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interesting... so batteries can be made from a type of mushroom... a new sunscreen would be a welcome for all... with regards to anti bacterial soap, that's bad news for companies...
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Selenium is a member of the chalcogen family. The chalcogens are elements in Group 16 (VIA) of the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to one another. Other chalcogens are oxygen, sulfur, tellurium, and polonium. The name chalcogen comes from the Greek word chatkos, meaning "ore." The first two members of the family, oxygen and sulfur, are found in most ores.
Selenium is a metalloid. A metalloid is an element that has some characteristics of a metal and some of a non-metal.
Selenium and tellurium are often associated with each other. They tend to occur together in the Earth and have somewhat similar properties. They have many uses in common. In recent years, some important new uses have been found for selenium. It is now used in the manufacture of plain paper photocopiers and laser printers, in photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity, and in X-ray systems for medical applications.
The miracle of copying
W e sometimes forget what an amazing step forward the invention of the copy machine was. Hundreds of years ago, making a copy of a document was a long, difficult process. Some people spent their whole lives making copies of important documents. Each copy was written out by hand. The process was not only dull and monotonous, but it also resulted in many errors.
Even thirty years ago, copying was slow and difficult. For example, carbon paper allowed a person to make one or more copies while writing or typing. But every error had to be corrected on every copy. The copies were often messy and difficult to read.
Mimeograph machines made it possible to reproduce dozens of copies in a few minutes, but required handwritten or typed originals. The final product was printed in purple.
Then came the photocopy machine. Copies could be made by simply placing the original on a glass cover and pushing a button. What goes on inside a copy machine to make this happen?
An essential part of a photocopier is a drum-shaped unit or a wide moving belt. Fine selenium powder is spread on the surface of the drum or the belt. An electric charge is then applied to the selenium.
Another part of the photocopy machine consists of a set of mirrors. When the machine's "Copy" button is pushed, a bright light shines on the page being copied. The light reflects off the white parts of the page. But it is not reflected off the dark parts, such as text or images. The light reflects off the mirrors to the drum or belt.
Selenium is important because when light strikes the charged selenium, the charge disappears. The sections on the drum or belt struck by light have no charge. The sections not struck by light continue to have a charge.
Next, a toner is spread out over the surface of the drum or belt. A toner is usually finely-divided carbon. It sticks to the areas that still carry an electric charge. But it does not stick to the selection without a charge.
Finally, a piece of paper is pressed against the drum or belt. The toner sticks to the paper. A blast of heat causes the carbon to melt and stick tightly to the paper. A copy of the original document is produced by the machine.
www.chemistryexplained.com (http://www.chemistryexplained.com)
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ah ok... kaya pala "xerox" cguro ang term na alam natin.... now i know... hmmm... galing talaga ng thread na ito.... +like po dito...
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2015 Theme: May the MOLES Be With You
Print
What Is Mole Day?
Celebrated annually on October 23 from 6:02 a.m. to 6:02 p.m., Mole Day commemorates Avogadro's Number (6.02 x 1023), which is a basic measuring unit in chemistry. Mole Day was created as a way to foster interest in chemistry. Schools throughout the United States and around the world celebrate Mole Day with various activities related to chemistry and/or moles.
For a given molecule, one mole is a mass (in grams) whose number is equal to the molar mass of the molecule. For example, the water molecule has an molar mass of 18, therefore one mole of water weighs 18 grams. Similarly, a mole of neon has a molar mass of 20 grams. In general, one mole of any substance contains Avogadro's Number of molecules or atoms of that substance. This relationship was first discovered by Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1858) and he received credit for this after his death.
Mole Day Activities
Whenever you choose to celebrate it, Mole Day is a great day to think about chemistry in general and the mole in particular. Here are some Mole Day activities for you:
~Determine how much aluminum foil you would need to make a 0.5 mole aluminum sculpture (of a mole, if you like). Weigh out the foil and get creative.
~Write your own mole joke. Examples of mole jokes include:
Where did Avogadro stay on is vacation? A mole-tel.
What do chemists wear when it's cold? Ther-mole underwear.
~~Make up a song about the mole. You should get bonus points if you make a video and upload it to YouTube.
~Determine how much water is in one mole of water. Can you drink that amount?
~Experimentally determine Avogadro's number.
How Did Mole Day Get Started?
Mole Day traces its origins to an article that appeared in The Science Teacher magazine in the early 1980s about a high school chemistry teacher's reasons for celebrating the day. The idea for Mole Day took root. The National Mole Day Foundation was formed on May 15, 1991. The American Chemical Society plans National Chemistry Week so that Mole Day falls within the week. Today Mole Day is celebrated around the world.
-credits to the source
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Melting Metal With Magnets
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the Science : The copper wire has a significant amount of AC electricity running through it, causing it to act like a really strong electromagnet. In the metal slug, eddy currents form due to the magnetic field the copper wire is causing while the copper wire has high frequency AC flowing through it. The metal slug’s electric resistance causes a portion of the electric energy to turn into heat, but the heat builds up until the metal slug becomes white hot and melts.
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Orange LED Light In Liquid Nitrogen
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The Science: When an LED is immersed in liquid nitrogen, the electrons lose a lot of thermal energy, even when the light isn’t turned on. When this happens, the band gap in the semiconductors increases. Since this gap is increased, when electrons in the conduction band fall to the valence band, they emit a higher energy light, meaning the light emitted has a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency. This is why we see the orange light turn into colours that are higher on the electromagnetic spectrum when it is frozen in the liquid nitrogen.
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How Plants Communicate With Each Other
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~The fluorescent sensor protein provides information on the calcium ion concentration in mitochondria in real time. Blue indicates low, green, medium and red, high concentrations.
A team of researchers led by scientists from the University of Bonn has discovered a basis of communication in plant cells: The 'MICU' protein controls the calcium ion concentration in the cellular power stations. Using these chemical signatures, the plants regulate, for instance, the formation of organs and react to water stress. The results may be used in the future to optimize agricultural crops. The journal The Plant Cell reports on the results in its current issue.
Plants react to stimuli from their environment by specific responses: If available water becomes limiting, they curb evaporation from their leaves. If a pathogen attacks, they arm themselves with chemical weapons. If a soil fungus wishes to collaborate with a plant root for mutual benefit, both partners discuss their duties. "All of these fine adjustments require a great deal of communication between the individual compartments of the plant cell," says Dr. Markus Schwarzlaender, principle investigator of an Emmy Noether group at the Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation at the University of Bonn.
When the various components of plant cells communicate with another, they do not use words but calcium ions, i.e. positively charged calcium atoms, instead. "The information is encoded in the fluctuations of the calcium concentration of the various cell compartments," explains Dr. Schwarzlaender. How can a single ion contain and transduce so much information? This is the question scientists have been asking themselves since it became known how various cell compartments 'chat' with each other.
~The 'MICU' protein is a central relay station
Investigating the cellular power stations (mitochondria) of thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), the scientists discovered that the 'MICU' protein fulfills a central role in the control of the calcium ion concentration in the mitochondria.
~Fluorescing cellular power stations provide information
By destroying the gene with the MICU blueprint in the Arabidopsis genome, the researchers were able to experimentally explore what influence the protein has on the calcium communication of the plant cells. They equipped the mitochondria with a fluorescing sensor protein. Using the variable fluorescence intensities of the sensor, it was possible to visualize changes in the calcium concentrations of the cellular power stations in the living plants. "We were able to identify a clear influence on the communication of the mitochondria," reports Dr. Wagner. Knockout of the MICU gene resulted, among other consequences, in modified properties of cell respiration.
Since Arabidopsis is considered to be an experimental model for plants in general, the findings may be usable in the future for optimizing crops. Looking ahead the researchers note that if, for example, specific plants could be taught to ally themselves with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria via modified calcium signals, a large amount of fertilizer used in agriculture may be saved.
credits to the original source of the experiment ~ University of Bonn, College of Chemical Biology
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As a postdoctoral researcher, Wald discovered that vitamin A was a component of the retina. His further experiments showed that when the pigment rhodopsin was exposed to light, it yielded the protein opsin and a compound containing vitamin A. This suggested that vitamin A was essential in retinal function.
In the 1950s, Wald and his colleagues used chemical methods to extract pigments from the retina. Then, using a spectrophotometer, they were able to measure the light absorbance of the pigments. Since the absorbance of light by retina pigments corresponds to the wavelengths that best activate photoreceptor cells, this experiment showed the wavelengths that the eye could best detect. However, since rod cells make up most of the retina, what Wald and his colleagues were specifically measuring was the absorbance of rhodopsin, the main photopigment in rods. Later, with a technique called microspectrophotometry, he was able to measure the absorbance directly from cells, rather than from an extract of the pigments. This allowed Wald to determine the absorbance of pigments in the cone cells (Goldstein, 2001).
*wikipedia
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Briggs-Rauscher Reaction
http://youtu.be/Ch93AKJm9os (http://youtu.be/Ch93AKJm9os)
The Briggs-Rauscher reaction is a well known example of oscillating chemical reactions, also known as chemical clocks because the periodicity can be used to tell time. What's going on in the beaker is actually quite a complex set of chemical reactions
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the explanation for the process of the photocopying machine was great... now i know what really is happening inside that machine... nice share mam @lovemarie :)
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These 3 Liquids Do Not Mix With Each Other, The Reason Behind This Is Really Simple – Know How
Long ago, because of the curiosity of our ancestors, they discovered new things that we are now enjoying. The curiosity of man will really bring to new learnings about things around. Anyone heard about densities of liquid? During school days, we surely encountered that in lessons. Density simply is the thickness of something.
Now, famous Youtube channel, DaveHax have shared a video showing a simple experiment of different densities of liquid substances at home. He used syrup, water and oil. Also, he dropped different items to test the densities of the substances.
Watch this cool and simple experiment showing different densities of substances at home. Amazing!
https://youtu.be/Z50jEi1igNQ
credits to the source
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nice update mam... there are things that don't blend well pala talaga... fascinating....
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that is so cool mam @lovemarie... science would definitely be easier if being teached this way... :)
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hehehe... now it's becoming technical.... it's just like studying again just to follow the chart... :)
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Photosynthesis Is a Reaction To Make Food
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Plants apply a chemical reaction called photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into food (glucose) and oxygen. It's one of the most common everyday chemical reactions and also one of the most important, since this is how plants produce food for themselves and animals and convert carbon dioxide into oxygen.